Entrepreneurship & Family Business Innovation in the UAE

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship Family Business Innovation in the UAE. Answer: Introduction The major driver of any economy is the entrepreneurship, as it not only creates the job opportunities for others, but also contributes to the wealth of the economy. The fact that family business helps in ensuring that the entrepreneurial activities flourish for the coming generations, is not well known (Zgheib, 2017). In the following parts, a discussion has been carried on between how these two overlap each other. A specific emphasis has been given on the challenges and opportunities which are faced in UAE by the family business entrepreneurship. This has been done to establish that the family businesses innovations drive the economy of UAE. Discussion The definition of family business is very contextual, though, it can be said that a family business is one in which the majority voting remains in the hands of the family controlling the business, which is comprised of the founding fathers of the business and their heirs (May, 2015). The literature on family business covers the various issues regarding the transmission and succession of the business, where the focus has been over the issues like wealth management and governance for sustainability (Ezziane, Mazzawi Leleux, 2013). Over 80% of business in the Middle East is owned or controlled by such families who started as entrepreneurs, and later on diversified the interests of their business (Thomas, 2016). The majority of such businesses were incepted in the beginning of 1960s. However, their continuity is a matter of concern due to the generational changes that they have to face on rotational basis, and this is set to come as a problem in the next 5 to 10 years. The family businesses are not only strong but also unique in nature; moreover, they are crippled with the complexities. In addition to this, the same challenges are faced by such business, which a normal business faces. Furthermore, with the growth and expansion of business, as well as, the family, a range of specific problems are to be dealt with. The challenges of operating in intricate global economic environment are to be managed, which are coupled with the foreseeable changes in the generation (PwC, 2017). The conflict between the families al so poses a challenge for such businesses (PwC, 2016). As per the reports by Kets de Vries, 33% of the family businesses are able to carry on beyond the 1st generation, and a mere 10% survive past 3rd generation. In a similar manner, Astrachan and Shanker had showcased that 33% of the founders of the family business are able to make it to the 2nd generation, and this percentage drops to 12% for 3rd generation and by the 4th generation, this percentage shrinks further and comes up to a bleak 3%. In a family business, longevity fascinates the researchers. The intention to continue with the vision of forefathers and the intent to pass it on to the coming generations works in the favor of family businesses. So, even though the founders may not continue beyond 3-4 generations, but their vision is continued by the following generations. In other words, the long-lived family businesses continue to maintain their entrepreneurial orientations (Ezziane, Mazzawi Leleux, 2013). The key challenges faced by the family businesses come from within such businesses. And so, in order to grow, the internal challenges have to be dealt with, to ensure expansion and growth of the business. To do so, the family businesses have to make certain that they have fresh strategic insights; are able to attract, as well as, retain the key non-family managers; create and conserve their capital; create an organization which is both flexible and innovative; exploit the strategic advantages which are unique to their family ownership; and lastly, prepare a suitable successor for leadership (Khansaheb, 2008). There are various successful examples to show that the family businesses innovations are one of the key drivers of the UAEs economy. Most of the big companies in the Middle East are controlled by families. Moreover, some of the largest Western brands are managed by the local family businesses as franchise operations. But, the Seddiqi family has built on its own brand and legacy and has been immensely successful. Ahmed Seddiqi Sons represents over 60 luxury timepiece brands across 65 locations in UAE and is a trusted destination for jewellery and luxury watches in not only UAE, but also in the entire Middle East (PwC, 2016). The company, which was formulated in 1940s later half, continues to be owned and run by family (Bayt, 2017). Even after four generations, the company continues new ventures in real estate, education and healthcare services, through its holding company. Tapping on treating the customers as a long term friend, the company has maintained its significance since 1950s. Moreover, the family oriented working environment has further contributed in the companys success. Osama Ibrahim Seddiqi sits on Seddiqi Holdings Executive Committee and Board of Directors. And even though it is a family run business, they have recognized the value of bringing in skilled professionals from outside, which has helped them in overcoming the challenges faced by the traditionally run family businesses (PwC, 2016). The example of the family businesses innovations by the Seddiqi family has contributed widely to the economy of UAE. It has not only created more job opportunities in UAE, by expanding their business in different field, but through entrepreneurial ventures also, they have contributed in the economic growth of the nation. The example of Seddiqi family and their comparison with the traditionally run family businesses, depict how they have continued their business successfully and the manner in which they have dealt with the key challenges being faced by such businesses. Examples like these are the reason why the UAE is amongst the top economies of the world, at present. Conclusion In the preceding parts, the various opportunities and challenges which are faced by the family business entrepreneurships, with a specific emphasis on UAE had been highlighted. Through this discussion, it can be summarized that even though such businesses have a number of challenges, but by adopting the suggestions covered earlier, they have been able to successes. Moreover, the Seddiqi family presents as a successful example of the immense contribution of family businesses innovations towards the UAEs economy. This helped in establishing that the family businesses innovations drive the economy of UAE. References Bayt. (2017). Ahmed Seddiqi and Sons. Retrieved from: https://www.bayt.com/en/company/ahmed-seddiqi-and-sons-1470867/ Ezziane, Z., Mazzawi, E., Leleux, B. (2013). Entrepreneurship in Family Business: Emerging Storyline 2. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4(3), 164. Khansaheb, A. (2008). Internationalization of Family Businesses in U.A.E. Retrieved from: https://bspace.buid.ac.ae/bitstream/1234/302/1/20050020.pdf May, P. (2015). Governance Code for Family Businesses. Retrieved from: https://www.kodex-fuer-familienunternehmen.de/images/Downloads/Kodex_englisch_2015.pdf PwC. (2016). Keeping it in the family: Family firms in the Middle East. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/family-business-survey/middle-east-family-business-survey-2016.pdf PwC. (2017). Family Business. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/services/family-business.html Thomas, A.S. (2016). Mahmood Shaikhani, Managing Director, Shaikhani Group On Running (And Growing) The Family Business. Retrieved from: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/286822 Zgheib, P.W. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation in the Middle East. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.

Sample Masters Entrance Essay - Get Started Writing

Sample Masters Entrance Essay - Get Started WritingThe Sample Masters entrance essay is probably the easiest essay for the incoming freshman to write. The difficulty level of the student is definitely lower than that of any other essay required by the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). It is a test that will not seem to be too difficult at first but when you get to write your essay the difficulty level is going to rise.Let us first talk about what an essay is and how it is different from a writing sample. A writing sample can include anything from a magazine article to a newspaper article. It is also different from an essay in that it does not have to be about a specific topic or idea. It is a good idea to start off with a writing sample so that you can get the ideas for your essay and can make sure you do not get it mixed up or confused.It is often difficult for the graduate student to come up with a good topic for their test, particularly an entry exam. After much soul searching they may decide that they want to study something that they are already interested in. The Sample Masters entrance essay requires that the student has some insight into the field that he is trying to enter and this helps them to come up with a topic for their essay.Taking the time to write a sample and thinking about what is in it a great idea. One of the most important things that the student will need to keep in mind is the scope of the exam. If you have an opportunity to meet with the director of the Graduate School and discuss this matter, it is a good idea to discuss this with him.The best advice is to keep a notebook on you at all times so that you can write down what your own thoughts are. It is very important to be honest and do not lie. People can take your words as a fact.One of the worst mistakes that a student can make when writing the Sample Masters entrance essay is to put too much thought into their own feelings. Most students make the mistake of basing their writing off of th eir own emotional feelings rather than their facts. This could put their writing in a poor light and be interpreted negatively.When writing the Sample Masters entrance essay it is important to remember that it is one of the hardest tests in the admissions process. Be sure to get all of your facts straight and create your own essay to not only impress the Director of your Graduate School but also the other potential employers that you are sending the essay to.

The Bottom Billion

Table of Contents Introduction Elements Solutions Elements That Do Not Match With Liberalism Realism Constructivism Works Cited Introduction The Bottom Billion was authored by Paul Collier and was published in two 2007. In his book, Collier explores the reasons behind persistent poverty in developing countries. The citizens of these countries continue to live in abject poverty in spite of the international aid. He points out that, in more than fifty-eight countries, there are an approximated one billion people who seem to be irredeemably stuck in poverty. Some of this people have never felt the impact of foreign aid.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bottom Billion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, these people are trapped in poverty. Their living standards are plundering when the living standards of other people in other nations are improving. Life expectancy has sharply dropped to forty y ears as compared to sixty-seven years in the stable nations. Child mortality has grown up. The percentage of children who do not live to see their first birthday now stands at fourteen percent in comparison with a four percent in developed countries. Collier explains how the western governments give misplaced assistance to the poor nations. He argues that they have to do much more than giving them money. These developed nations and the aid agencies must shift from the traditional approaches of poverty alleviation. The methods have seemingly failed to work. The poverty syndrome has defeated them and, therefore, a new prescription has to be found. He puts forward solutions both to the developing countries and the western powers over what he feels should be done to pull these people out of poverty. Elements Paul Collier believes that these people are trapped. In his examination of the causes of poverty level among the bottom billion, he says that these people are concentrated in Africa and central Asia. He outlines the following as his reasons for stagnancy. The Conflict trap There are persistent civil wars and repeated military coups in these nations. These wars eat too much into funds that would have been directed to other sectors of the economy for development. The wars are extremely costly and incur large economic costs to these nations. Similarly, years after the war or coups are extremely delicate and fragile. These countries easily and painfully slip back due to the wars. This causes a recurrent situation with wars or coups succeeding other coups. During wars, a clique of people from poor countries and foreign countries strike out a beneficial deal, whereby they benefit from the war. They supply either arms or ammunitions to the fighting groups. In return, they are allowed to extract the natural resources that they export hence enrich themselves. These actions aggravate the situation, which ensures that conflicts are sustained. In most cases, the corrupt keep winning, making it extremely impractical for these nations to develop.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Natural Resources Trap The bottom billion nations have peculiar characteristics. Some of these are extremely ironical. The abundance of natural resources has become a curse. Nations endowed with resources have the worst instability as compared to those that have few resources. Collier attributes this to various reasons. The availability of the resources creates room for conflict. There are competing interests over the same resources, which is a cause of conflict. The second point he puts forward is that the presence of resources is a source of income to governments. The government, therefore, does not tax its citizens. This makes the population lack the necessity to hold their government accountable as far as financial spending is concerned. This is an open window for go vernment officials who would be handed a blank check when it comes to expenditure. Most of these officials misuse the opportunity to satisfy their selfish interests. The presence of valuable natural resources that are exploited impacts negatively on other competitive sectors of the economy. Generation of income from this exploitation leads to currency valuation and other industries are affected. In Collier’s opinion, globalization has made matters worse. The resources that are extracted in these nations end up in stable countries. This contributes to the persistence of problems. Landlocked countries Some countries that fall in the bottom billion category are landlocked. This comes in two perspectives. The naturally landlocked nations do not have a coastline. This restricts their accessibility to the world through the seas. This means that they only access the world via their neighbors. Poor infrastructure network makes their link with neighbors inaccessible. This hinders su ch countries from fully exploiting their economic potential. The other problem comes when the nation is landlocked, and furthermore its neighbors have serious instabilities. This bit cuts off the developing nation from the rest of world. These challenges pose a serious threat and make it extremely impractical for these nations to tap from the world economic growth. Bad governance Paul Collier argues that poor governance critically affects small countries. This is caused by regular military coups that overthrow legitimate government. Another effect is that corruption tilts the electorate to lean towards poor leaders. It is also said that some stable nations literally interfere with these nations by funding politicians who cannot run an economy. He explains that unstructured governments with incapable leaders destroy economies of the countries at an alarming speed. Developing nations have a low cost of living. This should be an exceptionally good ground for investors with a labor-in tensive work. However, investors are scared due to the unpredictability of the security condition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bottom Billion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These nations are also unknown. Investors, therefore, opt to invest in more development countries such as China. Investment that would have served to improve these nations is channeled elsewhere (Collier 26). Solutions Paul Collier clearly explains that the development and political stability of these nations are essential to the stability of the world at large. Therefore, the West has a moral responsibility to put to an end the problems and sufferings that people of these nations face. Collier, in his book, proposes measures that are pragmatic financially, but quite challenging to governmental institutions. He believes that in order for these nations to succeed the following measures should be considered. The aid agencies should ta ke risks. He elaborates that the agencies have to concentrate on extremely risky and difficult environments. For instance, the population may not be knowledgeable enough to question the accountability of their governments. This may require among other things educating the citizenry on accountability. The governments of the poor nations would fight these steps hard. They may respond by deporting foreign staff. However, if there is unity of purpose among these agencies, they will succeed. The second measure that he outlines is appropriate military intervention. He avers that, during these persistent civil strives, the western powers should launch a carefully calibrated assault on the warring factions. He gives the example of the British intervention in Sierra Leone. This will guarantee democratic governments success over the militia groups that are corrupt and only seek to mismanage the economy through misappropriation of funds for personal gain. The newly instituted governments ought to bring in new laws, which should be against corruption. The third approach proposed by Collier addresses the international organizations. He urges the organizations to ratify charters with the ethics of protocol. The charters are to be drafted and enforced to encourage good governance. He finally urges the western powers to adopt free trade policies with the bottom billion getting preferences for their export products. The external market will be opened to these nations, and in the process, they will learn a lot.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elements That Do Not Match With Liberalism Paul Collier may have discussed exceeding many factors that favor liberalism. However, some of his arguments do not categorically match with liberalism. Taking a position to explain that the availability of resources reduces the citizens’ capacity to hold the government accountable is vague. The resource availability, however, much they generate an income, can never influence the government to a level that it can stop taxing the population. The government has to tax its citizenry in order to get adequate finances. His explanation of this point leaves us with a notion that nations in the bottom billion are ruled through laissez-faire. This form of leadership no longer exist Some of his proposed solutions will not work towards liberalization, particularly military intervention in the civil war times. The aim of his proposals is to save the citizenry from the cruelty of these countries. Regular military action, however, well choreograph ed, will attract resistance from the population. When the troops are in war, citizens will feel the heat. This will be referred to as collateral damage. Examples can be drawn from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia. The US intervened, but it faced roadblocks from the population. War will also destroy the infrastructure, which he points out as a necessity. NATO attacked Libya to help the rebels overthrow Ghaddafi’s government. He was toppled, but the country was left with serious infrastructural problems. Realism Looking at Paul Collier’s arguments that lean towards liberalism, some of his evaluations and proposals conflict sharply with some realism facts. While Collier lays his foundation on striving to ensure equality among all nations, realists believe that world politics are guided by self-interests. Collier’s bottom billion argues with the mind that the western powers can pull the poor states from poverty for the benefit of the poor states stability. Realists ju stifiably argue that self-interests dictate the engagement with other nations. Collier quotes the British involvement in Sierra Leone. He does not state the British interests in the involvement. There were British interests. That is why realists had justifiable reasons to assert that states engagements with others are based on self-interests. By recommending military interventions, Collier is insinuating that other states can control other sovereign states. This is not practical. In realism, sovereign states cannot be dictated. For example, The British intervened in Sierra Leone. The nation still fights to date. The US intervened in Iraq and Somalia, but the civil wars persist to date. The main reason is that once the citizens sink to the idea that they are sovereign, and then will resist any attempt by foreign powers to interfere with the domestic affairs. He disagrees with the idea that states will always attain resources. He does not state the role of the US in the Democratic Rep ublic of Congo. The reasons behind government treaties and too much allocation of cash for exploration clearly approve the realist approach that nations are constantly seeking to increase their resources. Whereas Collier wants both the Western powers and International organizations to take serious steps to change the bottom billion, he forgets that these multinational organizations are run by the sovereign states. These states choose the officials and fund them. It is, therefore, in order to concur with realists that multinationals do not have independent influence. The West must determine what multinationals do because they give the funds to them. For several years, donors have demanded that the government of Ghana should align and harmonize its programs to suit their rules. There have been calls from donors to change the funding modalities from focusing on one sector to a budget support modality. In 2006 and 2008, donors contributed an approximated 13.8 percent and 14.33 percent o f the budget respectively Neo-realism also called structural realism states that nations are primary actors because no political monopoly is above existing states. Collier encourages the west to intervene militarily in the civil war cases. He forgets that they have failed before and will fail again if the same mistakes are repeated. If citizens reject then it is over. Collier cries out that war is costly, and the money should have done better projects had the regions been peaceful. This is quite intriguing because he goes ahead to call for military intervention. The question is who foots the costs of the war by the West. Realists assert that Countries must constantly prepare for conflict through economic and military buildup. Constructivism Paul Collier’s ideas happen to cut across the human life. He puts forward some ideologies that conflict with the constructivism theory in international relations. Collier lays almost all the problems of development on resources. He forgets to evaluate the hidden factors such as competition for natural resources. Constructivism holds the view that primarily shared ideas rather than material forces determine associations. There are goals, needs, and intentions behind the rivalry over resources. This is a fact that constructionists hold dearly. Collier fails to capture the interests of other states in the nations in the bottom billion. He notes that the third support persistent civil strives that would lead to fragile conditions immediately after the war. This makes countries constantly at war. The best example is the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Sudan. Proponents of constructionist state that international relation is a social construction. This is built over time. In Collier’s bottom billion, he believes that all solutions to problems of the third world rest with the Western powers and international organizations. It is impractical for a western government to move into one of the countries that fal l in the bottom billion and install changes with an immediate impact. Therefore, social constructionist becomes more applicable. The ideologies have a great effect and can easily trump the materialistic power. The effects are far reaching. This is why the perception is very important. Collier opposes this by proposing actions that seek instant material changes. Instead of suggesting institutional changes, he agitates for military deployment to install democratic governments. These attempts have failed elsewhere due to what constructs call perception. The effectiveness of the donor-funded project is evaluated using the indicators designed by citizens. For instance, the community might use scorecards to establish the effectiveness of the project. Works Cited Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print This essay on The Bottom Billion was written and submitted by user Nickolas Roth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Send SAT Scores to Colleges

How to Send SAT Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Now that you’ve received your SAT scores, it’s time for the most important part of this process - actually sending scores to colleges! But how do you do it? What are your options? In this article, I’ll give you all the information you need on how the process works and what choices you'll have when sending scores. Should You Send Your SAT Scores? Before I tell you how to send your scores, you should know that you don’t have to send all of them!There’s this great thing called Score Choice that allows you to decide whether or not to send specific SAT scores to colleges if you've taken the test multiple times.You can choose which regular SATs to send by test date and choose which SAT subject tests to send by individual test. Colleges will only get the scores that you decide to send them, so if you do really poorly on one administration of the SAT, no schools will ever have to see it. Well,I should say that MOST schools will never have to see it; there are some that require you to send all of your test scores.See this article for a complete list of the schools that ask to see all of your SAT scores. When sending your scores, you can choose to send a score report for a test date to some schools and not others if you’re applying to some schools that require all scores sent and some schools that don’t.If you’re not sure whether your score is good enough to send, you should take a look at the average scores for your school of choice. For extra advice, read this guide to figuring out your SAT target score. A good rule of thumb is to take the 75th percentile SAT score for students that were admitted to your school of choice (meaning the score that is higher than 75 percent of admitted applicants) and use that as your target score.If you’re still not sure whether you should retake the test, read this guide to help you make a decision. Remember that many colleges also use superscoring for the SAT, meaning they take your best ever score from each section of the test and combine them to come up with the best overall score possible.This means that even if you do worse overall on one SAT date, you still might want to send it in if one of the test scores was your personal record for a particular section.Take a look at this other article for more information on how superscoring might affect your test-taking strategy. How to Send Your SAT Scores First, it’s important to note that you will have to order a score report for each school where you plan on applying, but you can put as many of your scores on that report as you want.It costs the same to send three SAT test scores as it does to send one SAT test score if all three scores are going to the same school.If you log in to your College Board account, you can easily send your scores through the online interface. On your dashboard, you'll see your latest scores front and center: Then, click on the "View Details" button to see your full report. At the top of the report, there are four tabs: Click on the "Score Sends" tab to get to a screen with a button that says "Send Additional Score Reports," and click on that button. You'll see this little interface that allows you to search for colleges and add them to your selected recipients list using the add and remove buttons: Once you have searched for and selected your schools and they're all listed in the "Your Selected Recipients" box, click continue. The next screen gives you the option of selecting which scores you would like to send to schools. The default setting is "all scores", but you can exercise score choice at this point and choose only to send scores from certain test dates if you want. After this, all you have to do is review your order, submit your payment, and you're all set!It’s important to remember that score delivery may take a different length of time for different schools, so plan accordingly. You should check the websites for your schools of choice to see how late they accept scores. Types of Score Reports #1: Free Score Reports The first option for sending your scores is to send them when you register for the SAT.Every time you register for the test, you automatically get four free score reports.You can use these free reports anytime between registration and nine days after your test date.If you’re taking the SAT during your junior year, however, you might not be sure where you want to send your scores quite yet.Even if you’re a senior, it's sometimes a good idea to wait until after you get your scores back so you can make sure they’re as high as you expected. #2: Regular Score Reports You can send score reports to colleges after you get your scores back for a fee.It’s $.25 per score report after the free report time window has passed, but you can get a fee waiver if you’re eligible.Talk to your high school counselor if you think you’ll need a fee waiver to send your scores. The fee waiver will give you four additional free score reports (worth $45) to use at any time. #3: Rush Score Reports If you’re worried that your scores won’t arrive in time, you can use Rush Reporting to send your scores faster for an additional fee.Rush Reporting costs $31 for the first report and $.25 for each additional report, and your scores will be sent either electronically or by first class mail, depending on the way your school receives scores. Rush Reporting will get your scores to colleges within two days of your order, although schools may take additional time to actually process scores depending on how their system is organized.There is no fee waiver available for Rush Reporting, so if you think score reports will be a financial burden on you, plan ahead and avoid this option. Rush reporting and sorority rush: both times you're paying to get something fast that you could have gotten the normal way if you planned your life better (SAT scores and friends respectively). Summary Sending your SAT scores to colleges is pretty easy, but you should always take the time to make an informed decision about which ones to send and when you plan to send them.Check the deadlines for sending scores to the schools where you're applying.Keep in mind that Score Choice is usually an option, although you should verify school policies before assuming that this is the case. You can send up to four free score reports in the time between test registration and nine days after the test.If you want to wait to see your scores or don’t know where you’re applying yet, you have the opion of sending score reports after this time window for a fee of $.25 per school.Rush Reporting is also available, but save this as a last resort! Remember that sending your SAT scores to colleges is the ultimate purpose of this whole ordeal, so it’s important to be on top of deadlines and send only your best scores if possible! What's Next? Now that you know how to send your scores to colleges, learn more about how to get and interpret your scores so that you're making the right choices about which ones to send. If you're curious about your scores and want a more detailed picture of where you struggled on the test, you might look into ordering the Question and Answer Service. Wondering whether you should take the SAT again? Read this article to find out how many times you should take it. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Interagency Process (National Security) Essay

The Interagency Process (National Security) - Essay Example ctice, this compartmentalization is partially mitigated by overlapping membership on various interagency groups and by the oversight of the Office of Management and Budget. However, there is still no inter-agency process for developing policy options on these issues that integrates all of the relevant facets and is supported by appropriate quantitative analysis. Any such process should have, at least, a cabinet-level committee that focuses on governmental issues but covers both the domestic and foreign policy aspects of those issues; several sub cabinet-level working groups that are chaired by a senior policy official and supported by a staff located in the White House; access to all of the resources necessary to conduct and comment on quantitative analysis of policy options; and ail avenue for exchanging ideas with industry, the local community, and other outside constituencies on a continuing basis (Friedman, pg 7). Before discussing these elements in greater detail, however, it is useful to look at the emerging international issues, examine existing interagency mechanisms for addressing these issues, and explore the boundary constraints imposed on any interagency mechanism by the United States system of government, political culture, and personnel selection process. In this paper I aim to describe the inter agency process, provide an overview of the legal framework that created the process and discuss the major players. I will explain with examples the major flaws in the present system and also the key strengths. The Interagency process also known as the IAP was officially recognized in 1947. The current process for expressing national planned policy is untied for explanation by the supervisory division, which has led to fruitless proceedings in the interagency process specially I terms of national security, idleness, and at times contradictory policy.   As the state organizes for the upcoming, it is crucial that the IAP be superior codified and dignified to

Legal requirements and potential issues associated with HIV positive Essay

Legal requirements and potential issues associated with HIV positive workers - Essay Example Thus under this law, persons with HIV or AIDS are safeguarded from discrimination on the basis of their condition (U.S department of Health & Human Services Office for Civil Rights, 2014). 2. Relevance and importance: Well supported explanation of how and why this legal issue is important for you and your colleagues as current or future managers? The relevance of these laws is the fact that they assure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, local and state government services as well as telecommunications. Normally, discrimination takes place when an entity leaves out a person with HIV from taking part in a service or disallows a person a benefit. Instances of discriminatory acts toward persons with HIV/AIDS comprise of refusing access to medical treatment and/or social services or having treatment and/or services deferred for the sole reason of one having HIV/AIDS(Webber,2007). Thus, if the person with HIV fulfils the necessary eligibility needs for the benefit or service, the entity may be needed to make a rational accommodation to facilitate the person to take part. These laws are crucial in that it is unlawful to discriminate against individuals having or are believed to be having HIV/AIDS in regard to; employment, rental, acquisition or sale of apartment, real estate, or house, public accommodation places (theaters, restaurants etc), health care, home repairs, legal services or other various services available to the public generally, application of a credit card or loan, or other credit transactions as well as particular transactions in insurance. On the other hand, employers are obligated to offer and sustain a discrimination-free working place, in addition to ensuring that those with HIV face no intimidation or harassment. It is actually the responsibility of everyone to not only know and understand

The Evolution Of Telemedicine Health And Social Care Essay

The Evolution Of Telemedicine Health And Social Care Essay Who would have ever imagined that a doctors visit could be conducted through a phone-line, video, or the use of a computer 1000 plus miles away? Medical records can be view by another medical professional for a second opinion three counties away before you arrive. A radiologist in Singapore has diagnosis your femur fracture here in the United States. Medical diagnosis, treatment and consultations are being performed from miles away because of technology. It seems as if there is no limitation to the well being of a patient through a wide range of telemedicine services. What is telemedicine? According to the American Telemedicine Association telemedicine is the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve patients health status. Emails, videoconferencing, transmission of still images, e-health including patient portals, remote monitoring of vital signs, continuing medical education and nursing call centers are all considered part of telemedicine.(http://www.americantelemed.org) This interactive form of medical services has provided healthcare to individuals many miles away or minutes away in the comfort of their homes, physician offices and hospitals. Ways to communicate services Store-and -forward is a means of transmission of medical information to other medical professionals and facilities that will provide the recipient pertinent medical history, vital signs, medical records, lab results and images. Store-and-forward telemedicine systems have the ability to capture and store digital still or moving images of patients, as well as audio and text data. A store-and-forward system eliminates the need for the patient and the clinician to be available at the same time and place. Store-and-forward is therefore an asynchronous, no interactive form of telemedicine. It is usually employed as a clinical consultation (as opposed to an office or hospital visit). (http://www.ahrq.gov) One of the major concerns with store and forward is whether it is as effective as face to face medical visits, does it have comparable outcomes, is it appropriate for appropriate medical management, is the patient truly satisfied with the outcome and level of services and is it cost effect ive? There are several benefits of store-and-forward technology. Patients in rural areas are able to be seen by specialty physician miles away when there is limited access to the services in the area. The store-and-forward of medical information is also being used with emergency response teams to communicate the information to the emergency room staff for an efficient transfer of vitals and medical status. The store and forward technology is said to be the least expensive way to communicate and the most accurate in real time for patients at a distance needing medical consultation. Another type of store and forward technology is videoconferencing technology. The two way television allows two doctors in two different areas to communicate to provide treatment, a diagnosis, or telesurgery. There are several healthcare areas that benefit from telemedicine Some of the common teleservices Telemedicine includes several medical disciplines that benefit from the services. Services like radiology, dermatology, nursing, pharmacy, pathology, neurology and psychiatry. The need for a second opinion in healthcare has seen a demand, and the shortage of specialty doctors in rural areas increased. The development of telemedicine has benefited the patient in many ways because of technology. Teleradiology- is the transmission of x-ray, CT, MRI, PET, and SPEC images that can be read by radiologist in another facility or country. The information is sent via the store and forward process of telemedicine. Large and small hospitals have began to use teleradiolgist to cut down on expense and having access to immediate diagnosis. Teledermatology- is the use of video conferencing and store and forward images to provide a consultation for an individual that requires a dermatologist. There have been concerns with the consistency of this tyoe of visit for patients due to unclear images of the skin and the possibility of not having that face to face visual from the dermatologist to make an adequate diagnosis. Telenurse- the use of phone, electronic email, videoconferencing, and computers to provide healthcare services or consultation to a patient. Telenusring has continued to grow in the areas of telephone triage for health insurance carriers. Telenursing has grown with interactive patient training related to changing wound dressings, insulin administering, self management of a patients health. Reimbursement Many of the healthcare providers must follow certain guidelines to receive payment for telemedicine. According to Medicare its condition for payment must include an interactive audio and video telecommunications system that is used and must permit real-time communication between the physician or practitioner at the distant site and the beneficiary at the originating site. The medical providers that are covered under this fee for payment are services rendered by a physician, nurse, physician assistant, midwife, clinical nurse specialist, or clinical psychologist. The current list of Medicare telehealth services includes: Consultations Office or other outpatient visits Individual psychotherapy Pharmacologic management Psychiatric diagnostic interview examination End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)-related services Neurobehavioral status examination For ESRD-related services, at least one face-to-face, hands on visit (not telehealth) must be furnished each month to examine the vascular access site by a physician, NP, PA, or CNS. (http://www.cms.hhs.gov) New Trends in telemedicine Trends observed nationally include: using telemedicine in correctional facilities and home health care settings, can significantly reduce the time and costs of patient transportation; providing additional services to rural area linking physicians together more efficiently linking hospitals and schools together to improve care and widespread The benefits With a growing population and healthcare on the rise many public and private medical providers have seen a cost reduction with the use of telemedicine and patients have benefited from the technology in telemedicine. Insurance providers are paying for less hospital in patient days because the patient can be monitored from a distance. The patients are able to communicate with a nurse or physician at home through phone, video, or Bluetooth monitoring. Telemedicine allows more freedom to the patient to feel less restricted to home visits, they have access to some providers 24 hours a day and it cuts down on their travel time to medical visits. The patients family has also displayed satisfaction from the use of telemedicine because its less strenuous on their travel time and loss of work days. Another benefit of telemedicine provides an outreach to rural areas to be included in clinical trial studies and procedures. The providers have also benefited because they are able to receive real t ime feedback from other professionals that are able to transmitted medical information quickly, decreased travel time, and continued patient education and communication. Issues that need to be addressed Education regarding telemedicine and its usage. There are concerns that many do not know that he services exist. Cost and evaluation of the services. Will the cost for reimbursement be lower because there is no face to face contact? How will the affects of technology increase cost? Liability and malpractice issues. Out of state practices of medical professionals crossing their licensed boundaries. How will they be regulated and which state laws and rules will they be governed under? Security is always a concern regarding information sent via phone and internet lines. Can medical information be protected properly and the doctors will be held liable for the misappropriation of a patients medical information. Although there are HIPPA laws regarding patients privacy according to ORTCC its much more difficult to guarantee confidentiality because several individuals outside the traditional medical team. The transmission procedure requires technical staff at both ends. In small communities, it is possible that the patient knows the nonmedical personnel socially, compounding the sense of loss of privacy. Thus, the nature of the doctor patient relationship changes dramatically with telemedicine, challenging traditional concepts of privacy and confidentiality. (http://www.ortcc.org) Conclusion With technology making waves telemedicine has been able to grow through leaps and bounds allowing those that are limited and restricted to receive the medical attention of medical professionals. Physician has gain quicker access to other professionals without sitting face to face, digital images, and audio files of heartbeats and fetal movements. The privacy, protection, reimbursement, malpractice, and governing laws are still a concern but the efficiency of communication to provide medical care is needed.