Religion & Economic Development Essay Example for Free

Religion Economic Development Essay New World colonies located on the American Continent varied in their economic opportunities which set up the basis of what the colony would become overall. Each region differed in the advancement of their colonial system, based heavily upon on the nation that wished to colonize it. English colonies in upper Northeast New England and Spanish settlements in the Southwest regions had individual emphases both religiously and economically. Puritans from England were seeking refuge, freedom of religion, and economic opportunity hoping to establish long-rooted settlements. However, Conquistadors in the Southwest had eyes gleaming with their quest for â€Å"God, gold, and glory† and sought to lightly influence the land. Thus, these regions were driven separate directions, shaping their own religious positions and economic developments. Certainly the most distinguishing catalyst for colonization in both regions was religion. English Puritans sailed to North America’s Atlantic Coast with incentives towards escaping religious persecutions, while the Spanish arrived to convert the indigenous peoples to Catholicism. During the â€Å"Great Migration† of the 1630s, no more than twenty thousand Puritans came to Massachusetts fleeing the tendencies of the Anglican Church, and the common mistreatment against them. John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, directed the Puritans to believe in the idea of the â€Å"city upon a hill†, a guideline of a self-righteous community for the rest of the world. Their definitive objective was to protect their beliefs, doing so by forming a society on the concepts of the Calvinists religion. A select group, the Elect, would’ve had to testify a religious conversion experience to vote. Soon, it became apparent to ministers that there was a rapid decline in the amount of conversions which significantly affected the amount of church members. As a resolution in 1662, the Half-Way Covenant was devised to acknowledge a partial membership into the church to those who could not testify to the religious experience but were moral members of society. In time, the â€Å"elect† and other members of society had hardly any dissimilarity between them. On the contrary, the Spanish settlements in the Southwest were focused primarily on converting the native peoples to Catholicism and seizing the land’s material, especially precious metals. Upon their arrival to the region, the Conquistadores were troubled by the strong opposition from the indigenous people such as the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. Susceptible to the deadly small pox and measles, courtesy of the Old World, numbers of the natives dwindled greatly. Once an iron fist of control was stabilized, the Roman Catholic mission rapidly became a central institution in the few settlements that had arisen. On the other hand, the Missionaries’ limitations on the native religious practices as well as the ruthless efforts to Christianize them led to the immediate uprising of the Popes Rebellion or the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. Pueblo rebels extirpated Catholic Churches in the province, killed hundreds of priests and Spanish settlers, which, in turn, lead to the eventual loss of Spanish control of the Southwest region for several years. Not only did New England settlements in the Northeast and Spanish colonies in the Southwest vary religiously, they differed economically as well. Primarily, New England’s Puritans center of attention around the agrarian economy all the while the Spanish Conquistadors goal was to attain material wealth such as fine metals. Preceding the French and Indian War, the policy of Salutary Neglect was practiced by the British Government with the hopes of keeping the colonists content as well as away from the idea of creating an alliance with France. Allowing the colonies to develop without obstructions from across the Atlantic strengthened their economic base. Due to the rocky soil that lacks nutrition, New England in the late 17th century relied greatly on a manufacturing economy, opposed to agrarian. The English prospered in the lumber, fishing, and shipbuilding industries. For some time, America was able to trade illegally with other countries expanding economic development, making it possible to compete in the world market. However, Spanish Conquistadores had a stronghold on the economic developments in the Southwest. Following the mercantilism theory, Spain concentrated more on exploiting the natural resources then to establish permanent colonies, delaying economic growth. Not only that, but the Hacienda structure input the class system which made the Native Americans slaves. Before long, the Spanish prestige and wealth declined causing major holes in the colonies economies in the Southwest. Therefore, the English colonies in the Northeast and Spanish settlements in the Southwest varied religiously and economically. Admittedly, members of each region mutually tried to convert the native people who thrived before them even if it was through dissimilar methods. Their purposes for sailing to the New World were the key difference. English Puritans came to establish tightly-knit communities free from the religious problems in England. For the Spanish, their goal was to laden their hands in wealth and spread Catholicism across the land.

The multifaceted role of a manager

The multifaceted role of a manager The role of a manager in modern organization is a multi-faceted one-it involves many duties including planning and controlling budgets. However, it is argued that one of the most important and challenging roles of a modern manager is that of successfully managing PEOPLE. Tapping into peoples creativity, motivating them and providing support and appropriate leadership is vital to the success of the organisation Discuss this statement with a particular focus on exploring what skills are necessary to successfully mange people in todays workplace. The complex systems within which people perform their roles in called an organisation: which is also a coordinated group of people who perform tasks to produce goods and services, colloquially referred to as company (Muchinsky. P M, 2006). Organisational behaviour is thus a study of structure, functioning and performance of organisation, and the behaviour of groups and individuals within them (Pugh, 1971). Studying organisational behaviour is understanding how organisations work as a structure and assess what people accomplish, from the manager to the simple employee. In this present study, we are going to be interested in managers. What is a manager? A definition of a manager could be the one given by Bloisi W et al, who suggested that managers are people responsible for working with and through others to achieve objectives by influencing people and system in a changing environment ( 2003, 50) . This definition gives us a fair insight of what managers do but what are their roles in a modern organisation? Hence, in an attempt to analyse and understand what managers are to accomplish and how, we will subsequently analyse the multifaceted roles of a mangers through the different school of management approach, see why the greatest challenge for a modern manager is to successfully manage people and finally see other skills or competence required for a good manager. Before the issue of mangers role in an organisation is being addressed, it is highly crucial to understand how new organisations operate and what a real manager is. As depicted earlier, a manager can be portrayed as a person operating within the frame work of an organisation and driven by set objectives and through whom the process of effectively and efficiently combination of factors of production could lead to an optimization of output (profit à Ã¢â€š ¬). He/she endorses an economic rational behaviour, in relation with the objectives set by their company: which in a sense is maximising output for given inputs, [bearing in mind the constraints of cost]. Several Streams of thought and theories governing the managers role have emerged since the beginning the twentieth century from the classical perspectives, the human relation approach, the systems approach to the contingency theory. All of which highlighted the legal responsibilities of a manager which has mutated in parallel with the workforce evolution. The Classical perceptive defended by Frederick Taylor and his work on scientific management and Fayol later on with the administrative principles  [1]  of management, both focus on the idea that management can be learned and set in codes systematically. These ideas are mostly concerned with the structural perspectives of management: [focusing] on structuring and design of work and organisation (Gordon, J (1999, 14). For Taylor, a managers role has to be scientifically driven. He believed that managers have the responsibility to organise, plan and determine the best methods for performing jobs ,describing management as a science in which employees have specific and yet different responsibilities within their organisation. He is one of the first to talk about managerial and non-managerial roles and believed that scientific observation of people at work through survey and motions studies [] would be the one and only best way to do non-managerial task (Bloisi W, 2003, 6). Hence after the scientific observation made and the objective set, the manager has to behave in line with the scientific principals whilst recruiting, through the development of work, training and equal division of work between workers and management. However , despite setting a new way of viewing management in an organisation , the scientific approach of Taylor has been acutely criticised because in practice, the theory has said t o be too preoccupied with productivity (Bloisi W, 2003, 7) ,thus not really taking into account the employees welfare. Henri Fayol, a French industrialist for his part developed his own principals of management based of administrative aspect of managers role, in which he believed that businesses are divided into six subsystems and to run them successfully, managers have to exercise several duties which comprises; planning, organising, coordinating activities, commanding employees and controlling performance. For Fayol, managers plan by analysing the future and its outcomes through anticipation, goal setting, forecasting and decisive actions. They organise through the design of a framework/structure to assist the set goals. They coordinate by bringing together the activities taking place in the organisation. They command by directing the organisation on the path they want it to follow through leadership and motivation of employee Jack Duncan (1990,97 ) and finally they control by making sure that everything is undertook as planned and in occurrence keeping an eye on the budget. Fayol also added to his five management function his fourteen principles of management which calls for Specialization, unity of control unity of command and coordinating activities Gordon, J (1999, 16). Managers roles a quite diverse but yet, while the obligation of economic results is a necessity for managers nowadays effective managers are those who manage their employees. The structural perspectives of management through the classical theories of management held a quite limited view of people as employees. This is why the behavioural approaches were then suggested. In these approaches we have a shift where workers were no more viewed as passive and driven by economical self-interest (which was a rather mechanical point of view) to a more human-centred orientation where they to have their word to say in the organisational efficiency. These approaches set the structure that alimented the human relations school of thought where mainly Elton Bayo and Abraham Maslow believed that social attitude, relationship with employees and group work were the key for a successful organisation. In 1924, Elton Bayo undertook a research project to determine the relationship between physical working condition and productivity and came out with the Hawthorne effect that suggest that by simply paying attention to the experimental subjects causes their behaviour to change (Bloisi W et al , 2003, 7) and thus their productivity would increase. This approach is in reality very different from the classical approach because it inspires a variety of ideas that had no scientific justification. Hence manager should then be aware of the impact they could have if they pay more attention to their employees. Maslow for his part elaborated his theory of motivation where he defines human motivation as the study of ultimate human goals in his 1954 bo ok Motivation and personality (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 12). This suggests that if a manager motivates effectively his crew, this could lead undoubtedly to an increase of both welfare in the organisation and also output. From the human relations and classical approach came the system approach elaborated by Bernard and the contingency theory, who believed in the social and technical integration of human relations and classical for one and that other that they is no best streams of thought and they were all circumstantial. Moreover, Henry Mintzberg following his observation of the various streams of though believed that there is a disparity between managers role in the classical theories and the reality. He then came out with two contrasting view of managers: the rational heroic view and the chaotic realistic view. For him managers actually fill a series of ten roles that he point out in his book. The Managers job: Folklore and Fact. For him the rational heroic view implies that the manager know what he and his staff are doing, how and accept responsibility for the problems that can occur and evaluate his performance. The chaotic view implies the way todays managers flourish (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) preferring action over reflection. In his ten roles of managers Mintzberg says managers formal authority and status comprises interpersonal roles, information roles and decisional roles. For the interpersonal roles, managers have to stand as figureheads of the organisation, as the leaders and as the first liaison officers. For the information roles, they have to be the monitors, the disseminators and the spokesmen. For the decisional role, managers have to be the entrepreneurs, the disturbance handlers, the resource allocators and the negotiators. They must therefore be aware of environment in which they operate and understand how external factors could influence performance of internal subsystem (Bloisi W et al, 2003, 53) Aside from successfully managing the people in the organisation, effective managers are also those who embrace an ethical behaviour whilst working in an organisation, meaning that they have to be aware that legal requirements mandate certain ethical behaviours and have to ask themselves some questions like: What is morally just or right? And what is likely to benefit our own careers.(R.Gordon, 1999, 7). In conclusion, management is a very complex job because of the multifaceted role a manager has to encompass to successfully run a company. Being a manager means, knowing how to plan, to organize, to coordinate activities in the organization, to command the staff and finally to control performances. Aside from all these attributes given to a manager, a manager has also the responsibility to manage his employees effectively by motivating them, providing them support so they can achieve their individual needs, and give them appropriate leadership so they could identify themselves in the organization. Effective manager are also those who know about their biases and try to correct them if possible. After seeing what made a good manager,

Family Practice :: Residency Admissions Essays

Family Practice    I was born in Tamil Nadu, a southeastern state in India. I did my schooling in Madras, a large metropolitan city in India. I was interested in science courses especially in Zoology. This interest, combined with my desire to serve the humanity, I set my career goal to become a physician. I then joined Stanley Medical College, which is one of the finest in medical schools in India.    After graduation, I worked for a year with an internist, where I dealt with medical emergencies and did inpatient management. I decided to pursue my postgraduate studies to further broaden my knowledge in July 1993. I chose Obstetrics and Gynecology as my specialty and received my diploma in Ob Gyn in June '95. I participated in the continuing medical education programs and also did bed side teaching for the medical students and received excellent feedback from my preceptors. Following my post graduation, I worked for two years with hands on experience with a variety of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatrics, Medical and Surgical cases and attended a free weekly clinic providing primary care to the rural people.    I moved to California in July 1997. I have successfully completed my step one and step two exams in June and March 1998 respectively. In order to gain some insight into the medical practices in the United States, I am volunteering as a research assistant at the Veteran's Affairs Hospital in Palo Alto, an affiliate of the Stanford University School of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, where I am involved with the evaluation of ' The Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer using Positron Emission Tomography', the results of this work will be published in a few months. At the Veteran's Hospital, I also attend the Pulmonary Grand Rounds, Pulmonary Clinics and lectures with the Stanford Residents in the ICU and the GMC. I also volunteer in other primary care facilities. Research and work has given me the opportunity to interact with people and to acclimatize to the US culture.    My personal interest includes Indian classical music and travel. I play the Veena, a string instrument used widely in the Indian Classical Music; which has amazed the western artists for its wide range of musical tones.    Family Practice deals with all the aspects of medicine and focuses on preventive care.

The Difficult Journey in Kate Chopin’s short stories, At Cheniere Caminada and Athenaise :: compare and contrast essay examples

The Difficult Journey in Kate Chopin’s short stories, At Cheniere Caminada and Athenaise Kate Chopin’s short stories, â€Å"At Cheniere Caminada† and â€Å"Athenaise,† present the tales of two innocents, Tonie and Athenaise, taking a journey. They must leave their homes and wander into foreign lands before returning with a greater understanding of themselves and life. The structure, setting, and images of these two stories symbolize the seeming transformation of the characters. In structure, the two stories follow a journey motif. In â€Å"At Cheniere Caminada,† Tonie begins at home and then travels to Grand Isle then New Orleans before returning to Cheniere Caminada. He cannot return to his home until he has come to terms with the questions that have risen in his life. For Athenaise, her journey also takes her from her married home. The story opens with her at her parent’s home. She is forced to return to Cazeau’s house, but because she does not have the answers to her questions, she cannot stay there. She runs away to New Orleans and only comes back to Cazeau when she finds her answers. Paralleling the journey of these two is the contrast of city and country. Tonie and Athenaise both live in the country, a place traditionally associated with innocence, a lack of knowledge. In the beginning of both stories, Tonie and Athenaise lack an understanding of love and sexuality. Tonie â€Å"had no desire to inflame the hearts of any of the island maidens† (Cheniere 1). In Part II, the narrator tells the reader that Tonie had â€Å"never felt those premonitory symptoms of love which afflict the greater portion of mankind before they reach the age which he had attained (2). Since the object of his affection, Claire, does not live on Cheniere Caminada, Tonie must travel to Grand Isle to be near her. After he misses the chance to take her as his own when they are alone on his boat (4), he leaves Grand Isle, and we next see him in New Orleans, even farther from his home. Only after he hears the news of Claire’s death can he return to Cheniere Cami nada because this represents the end of his quest.

Reflections on Death in The Snows of Kilimanjaro Essay -- Snows of Kil

Reflections on Death in The Snows of Kilimanjaro      Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway's The Snows of Kilimanjaro is stereotypical of "The Lost Generation" and their values. They were a generation of expatriated US writers that lived and wrote between the Great Wars and thought of themselves separates from the postwar values and "above" the materialistic western society and continuously question morality and philosophy in their work. They tended to think very little of the rich people. These reflections on life are clear during Harry's retrospectives all throughout the story. In this all around depressing story, Harry is in Africa with his wife and a few days back scratched his leg and it got infected to the point of gangrene. Since the begging of the story Harry is well aware he is going to die and reflects back on his life and his failure as a writer and to some point as a human being.       "I watched the way they sailed very carefully at first in case I ever wanted to use them in a story. That's funny now."1 In this sentence Harry reflects on the buzzards that are attracted by the odor of impending death and how as many other things he wanted to write about and thought he would, he never will now. There are several anecdotes throughout the story that all by themselves could be whole stories, but Harry just never got around to writing about them probably because he did not have confidence in himself as a writer. "But he had never written a line of that, nor of that cold, bright Christmas day with the mountains showing across the plain that Barker had flown across the lines to bomb the Austrian officers' leave train, machine-gunning them as they scattered and ran." 2 This is one of the many experiences the narrator has during his life... ...that at the end would be something welcome as a weight lifted off his chest.      Bibliography: Endnotes: 1 Hemingway, Ernest,   "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," in The Norton Anthology: American Literature, fourth edition-volume 2, page 1635.  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 Hemingway, page 1638. 3 Hemingway, page 1637. 4 Hemingway, page 1637. 5 Hemingway, page 1639. 6 Hemingway, page 1640. 7 Hemingway, page 1640. 8 Hemingway, page 1634. 9 Hemingway, page 1643. 10 Hemingway, page 1651. 11 Hemingway, page 1650-51. 12 Hemingway, page 1650. Other Referenced material not cited. 13 Wilson, M. (2000, October 23). The Hemingway Resource Center (Online). Available: http://www.lostgeneration.com/hembio.html 14 Ogunsuyi, Dr. Austin (2001, September ). African Culture (Online). Available : http://africancultures.about.com/cs/customs/

A New Turning Point in My Life

Have you ever heard someone says that life is never quiet and peaceful likes a river? And, have you ever faced a difficult challenge that influenced your life? My life has changed a lot and I have faced many complexities since I came to the United States. Like most foreign students, I have almost the same problem about adapting into a new environment while I am studying abroad due to English limitations. It is not easy for me to fully understand what everyone says at the beginning, and it is hard to adapt into American culture.Discrimination and miscommunication are the biggest issues and they always exist for people who immigrate to a new environment. Most foreign students do not get respect from others, and blend into their classmates’ society, that was my thought at first in the new community. However, after almost two years learning in America, I have discovered some valuable experiences about how to manage to be proficient in English, as well as more self-assured and I fe el at ease in my life. I always try to keep moving forward, grabbing every chance to improve myself and never give up making my dream come true.Regardless, communication and discrimination are strenuous challenges for me to integrate into the new environment. I believe that I can surmount these predicaments and achieve success through hard-work and determination. Initially, communication was one of the universal issues for me to encounter when I came to America, because that is the basic step to integrate into a new life. Language differences greatly increase communication problems, even if the speakers have some knowledge of the others' language. Language is so much more than words. As a result, accurate translation,

Does a Person Need to be Smart to Become a Millionaire Essay

Indeed, an individual’s brilliance is necessitated in order for him/her to become a millionaire. Allow me to explain further. In order to achieve the status of a millionaire, an individual ought to â€Å"realize that making money is just the first step to success† (June.. n. p. ). Of course, for a person to reach such a realization, he or she needs to possess intelligence or brilliance (June.. n. p. ). If he or she is incapacitated and cannot realize this, then he or she will never make it as a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Simply put, an individual cannot get to the top without starting somewhere and knowing where to start entails being smart (June.. n. p. ). So, yes, a person needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Second, even if an individual has the means to earn money, say through a business, or a regular job, if he or she does not know how to â€Å"grow his or her money† then it is useless, he or she will never b able to save a big amount such as a million (June.. n. p. ). Again here, â€Å"growing the money† requires a great mind (June.. . p. ). An individual should be a critical thinker, knowing where to invest his or her money for it to be able to grow (June.. n. p. ). Clearly, we realize again through the aforementioned that a person needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Third, although a person realizes that he or she ought to make money, and even though he or she knows how to â€Å"grow the money†, if he or she does not know how to â€Å"preserve, keep, and protect it† then it is useless, his or effort will only lead to nothing (June.. .n. p. ). He or she will not become a millionaire if he or she does not have the intellect to â€Å"preserve, keep, and protect it† (June.. n. p. ). For instance, if an individual invested his or her money then it grew, but his wife or her husband, say, requested that a new car be bought, although it is unnecessary to purchase such at the moment and the wife or the husband obliged to getting one without thinking twice or just because he or she was just too emotional (say, excited about having a new car as well) then instead of becoming a millionaire, the money will just be lessened if not totally spent (June.. . p. ). See, an individual who is extremely subjective and cannot be very objective in making decisions with regards to preserving, keeping, and protecting money will never achieve the title, â€Å"millionaire† (June.. n. p. ). Remember that a person who is extremely subjective and cannot be objective is not smart and not being smart leads to loss of money (June.. n. p. ). Therefore, a person needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Fourth, a person needs to know important technical terms in order to become a millionaire (June.. . p. ). Some of these terminologies include the following: †cover trusts, estate planning, asset protection, insurance and other wealth preservation strategies† (June.. n. p. ). Understanding the definitions of each and how it works involves a brilliant mind (June.. n. p. ). If an individual cannot at all be aware of and identify with all these, then there is no guarantee that he or she can become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Thus, a person really needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. . p. ). Fifth, an individual should be able to accept that to become a millionaire saving and investing should be carried out early in life (June.. n. p. ). If he or she does not realize such fact then he or she cannot be categorized as smart (June.. n. p. ). This is why a person really needs to be smart to become a millionaire someday (June.. n. p. ). Last but not least, a person who thinks that becoming a millionaire can happen overnight is not really a great or critical thinker (June.. n. p. ). A person as such is exactly the opposite of intelligent or smart since he or she depends on luck rather than on certain essentials like industriousness & being wise (June.. n. p. ). For example, he or she may opt to gamble because he or she believes that his or money will double through lotteries, casinos, card games, pyramiding scams etc (June.. n. p. ). A person who does this is not brilliant enough to entertain such thoughts and actually carry it out since it is too risky (June.. n. p. ). On a final note, it takes someone smart to become a millionaire really.